Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
Synonyms
Aminoglycosides
Definition
Aminoglycoside antibiotics are bacteriostatic, that
means they impede the bacteria’s growth. This is
achieved by a change in the permeability of the bacterial
cell wall or disturbances of metabolism. The highest
efficacy is seen for gram-negative germs. In comparison
with other antibiotics, aminoglycosides have only a narrow
therapeutic range. Overdose may result in damage
to hearing, the organ of equilibriumor the kidneys (otoand
nephrotoxic side effects). Nevertheless, especially
in a severe septic course of a disease, aminoglycosides
are indispensable antibiotic therapy. Apart from local
application as salves or drops (which can, for example
be used for infections of the eyes), aminoglycosides can
only be given parenterally.

A slew of recent books and studies have touted the benefits of vitamin D and the perils of not getting enough vitamin D; some even encourage lying in the sun and taking vitamin supplements in order to prevent depression. But dermatologists say more time soaking up the rays isn’t necessary—most Americans get all the vitamin D they need just by going outside in the course of their daily duties, and beyond that, it’s easy to get adequate levels of the vitamin through nutrients in food. “Sunlight helps us produce vitamin D, but the amount of sunlight you need is so low that you could walk outside for probably five minutes and have enough,” says Craig Austin, a New York-based dermatologist and founder of AB Skincare.

Vitamin D is important because it helps with calcium absorption; it’s found in foods ranging from milk and cheese to liver, beef, fish and eggs. Many cereals are now fortified with vitamin D, as well; most people who follow normal diets probably don’t need to take vitamin D or calcium supplements, Austin says. “Vitamin D deficiency, I don’t think, is really all that common.”

During the winter, people who live in northern climates might consider taking daily supplements, says New Jersey-based dermatologist Eric Siegel. But overdoing the vitamins has side effects, too, including nausea, vomiting, poor appetite and constipation. “You can also start suffering kidney disease, and, believe it or not, once you go past a certain dose of vitamin D, you can start clogging up the kidneys, because there’s too much calcium absorbed into the blood,” he says.

So don’t use vitamin D as a reason to lie in the sun that extra half hour, Siegel says. “Why not get [vitamin D] out of food or supplements?” he asks. “Why give yourself skin cancer?”

DEAR DR. DONOHUE: I am a 76-year-old female. Until December 2005, I thought I was in fairly decent health. That’s when I suffered a fractured hip. I didn’t fall, just sort of slipped down. I have recovered and feel great, and I exercise. Last April, my doctor prescribed 50,000 IU vitamin D once a week. I have been taking it ever since. I get lots of sun. I also take 600 mg of calcium with 200 IU vitamin D twice a day. And I take one multivitamin a day, a Centrum Silver. My doctor wants me to consider taking Fosamax. What’s going on? I worry about getting too much vitamin D. How does a person know how much is too much?

— T.W.

Most adults get too little vitamin D. The official recommendation for daily vitamin D intake is 200 IU for those from 19 to 50, 400 IU for those between 51 and 70, and 600 IU for those 71 and older. Many experts believe these recommendations are insufficient and that the daily dose should be 800 IU to 1,000 IU. Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption and plays a critical role, therefore, in keeping bones strong and in preventing fractures. There are hints that vitamin D prevents osteoarthritis, lessens the risk of prostate cancer and helps prevent diabetes and heart disease. Time will tell if all this is true. The stuff about bones is true.

We get vitamin D when sunlight strikes the skin. It turns a substance in the skin known as a “provitamin” into vitamin D. Ten minutes of sunlight on the face and arms, three times a week to daily, is all the sunlight needed for this conversion. Older people’s skin is not so efficient in making the vitamin, and those living in northern latitudes can’t depend on sunlight conversion in the winter months.

From your weekly 50,000 IU tablet, you get about 7,000 IU of the vitamin daily. Centrum Silver has 500 IU. You get another 400 IU with your daily calcium tablets. So your daily intake is around 8,000 IU. Too much vitamin D can be a problem. It can damage the kidneys and can actually draw calcium from the bones. The upper daily limit is set at 10,000 IU. You haven’t crossed the border, but you’re in its neighborhood. The 50,000 IU tablet can correct a vitamin D deficiency in six to eight weeks. I’d say you’ve made that correction. Ask your doctor about stopping this high-dose vitamin therapy. If there is a question about the adequacy of your body store of vitamin D, a blood test can determine if it is too low, too high or just right.

DEAR DR. DONOHUE: Our 21-year-old daughter has been diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy. Her finger turned a shade of blue. She went to the emergency room and got the diagnosis there. What kind of doctor should we consult to determine if this is her condition?

— V.C.

Your family doesn’t have a history of having peripheral neuropathy, right? So let’s remove all the genetic causes of it from consideration.

Twenty-one is young to come down with it. It’s more of an older person’s illness. People with diabetes and a few other diseases also are targets for it, but your daughter is in otherwise good health.

A blue finger isn’t a usual sign. Your daughter should see a neurologist or a vascular specialist to confirm this diagnosis, which appears a bit strange to me.

Readers may write to Dr. Donohue or request an order form of available health newsletters at P.O. Box 536475, Orlando, FL 32853-6475. Readers may also order health newsletters from www.rbmamall.com.

Chronic kidney disease patients may see their risk of death drop by one quarter if they take a form of vitamin D, a new study says.

In a study of more than 1,400 people with chronic kidney disease, those that were taking the drug calcitriol, a form of activated vitamin D, had a 26 per cent reduction in their risk of death versus those who were not on the drug. Overall, the patients on calcitriol had their risk of either death or dialysis due to a loss of kidney function fall by 20 per cent.

The study is published in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.

A healthy human body uses first the liver and then the kidneys to convert vitamin D obtained through diet and sunlight into an active form that the body can use. However, it is believed that patients with chronic kidney disease are unable to do complete the second step.

They are often prescribed activated vitamin D to help lower elevated levels of the parathyroid hormone, which can lead to a weakening of the bones. However, people with kidney disease often suffer from calcified, or stiff, blood vessels, which can lead to a host of cardiovascular problems. Vitamin D increases calcium levels in the blood, which doctors fear could exacerbate this problem.

“We did find that people who got the activated vitamin D drug did have a higher risk of having a high calcium level in the blood,” study author Dr. Bryan Kestenbaum of the University of Washington told Ctv.ca.

“But the overall amount of people that that happened to was relatively small, and the overall balance was that people who got the activated vitamin D drug survived longer.”

Kestenbaum speculated that vitamin D leads to decreased mortality rates because of its known ability to lower risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including high blood pressure, diabetes and inflammation.

He said that the next step in this field of research would be to conduct randomized clinical trials to confirm vitamin D’s effect on survival rates among patients with kidney disease.

two endocrine glands at the top of the kidneys which secrete
cortisone, adrenaline and other hormones

Whilst avoiding the harsher elements of direct sunlight is not only wise but is necessary, avoiding the sun all together and as the result, not getting enough direct sunlight on our skin, is even more problematic. So, let’s examine the benefits of healthy sun exposure without getting burnt or promoting sun damage.

Did you know that according to a June 2007 study (1), not getting enough direct sunlight increases our chances of cancer by at least 70%? Why? Because our bodies need natural sunlight to synthesize adequate amounts of vitamin D in order to keep our bones strong and healthy, as well as support the immune system.

What is Vitamin D?

Vitamin D, in the form of calciferol (vitamin D3) is a fat-soluble vitamin. It is found in food, but also can be made in your body after exposure to ultraviolet rays from the sun. Vitamin D exists in several forms, each with a different function. Some forms are relatively inactive in the body, and have limited ability to function as a vitamin. The liver and kidneys help convert vitamin D to its active hormone form known as calcitriol; so, in actual fact, vitamin D technically is sunlight derived pro-hormone calcitriol. Vitamin D in its active pro-hormone form of calcitriol is important in determining how our cells express themselves and is vital in the production of various hormones and neurotransmitters (messengers in the brain). For the purpose of more clarity and understanding we will refer to calcitriol as vitamin D.

The major biological function of vitamin D is to maintain normal blood levels of calcium and phosphorus. Vitamin D helps us absorb calcium, and thus helps to form and maintain strong bones and teeth. It regulates bone mineralization in unison with a number of other vitamins, minerals, and hormones. In short, without vitamin D, bones start to become thin, brittle, soft, or misshapen. Vitamin D prevents rickets in children, osteoporosis and osteomalacia in adults.

What does the latest research on Vitamin D offer us?

It offers us practical advice in preventing some serious health issues.

Exciting new research conducted at the Creighton University School of Medicine in Nebraska has revealed that supplementing with vitamin D and calcium can reduce your risk of cancer by at least 60 percent. This includes breast cancer, colon cancer, skin cancer and other forms of cancer. This research provides strong new evidence that vitamin D is the single most effective medicine against cancer, far outpacing the benefits of any cancer drug known to modern science.

The Nebraska 4-year placebo-controlled study has revealed that the group receiving the calcium and vitamin D supplements showed at least 60 percent decrease in cancers. Note that these astonishing effects were achieved on what many nutritionists consider to be a low dose of vitamin D. Exposure to sunlight, which creates even more vitamin D in the body, was not tested or considered, and the quality of the calcium supplements was likely not as high as it could have been (it was probably calcium carbonate and not high-grade calcium aspartate, oratate or citrate).

So what is the bottom line of all this?

The bottom line is that if you take good-quality calcium supplements (for better health avoid pasteurized milk) and get adequate natural sunlight exposure or supplement with a good source of vitamin D (such as high quality cod liver oil), you could easily improve on the 60 percent reductions recorded in this study… but why is it better to get vitamin D from the sun?

Vitamin D, as calciferol (D3) is found in the foods listed below. Most people would not eat these foods on a daily basis all year round and, for this reason would need to get the active form of vitamin D with careful exposure to ultraviolet rays from the sun. Please note it has to be ultraviolet rays of the sun (UV) as these are the only ones that actually trigger the synthesis of vitamin D in our body. So if you rely on solariums or sun tan beds to get your natural sunlight, check if they radiate some ultraviolet rays.

Foods that contain Vitamin D3 and the amount in International Units (IU):

* 1 Tablespoon Cod Liver Oil - 1,360 IU

* 100gr Salmon, cooked - 360 IU

* 100gr Mackerel, cooked - 345 IU

* 100gr Sardines, canned in oil, drained - 270 IU

* 250ml Milk, nonfat, reduced fat, and whole, vitamin D fortified - 98 IU

* 1 whole Egg soft boiled, (vitamin D is present in the yolk) - 25 IU

Source: (http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/982088787.html)

It is interesting to note here that one would need to drink at least a litre of milk a day to get the minimum requirements of vitamin D, which is around 400 IU. If we were to expose at least 20% of our skin to sunlight all year round for up to 10 minutes a day without any SPF, then we would ensure adequate amounts of vitamin D. The fairer your skin the less direct exposure is needed to activate vitamin D synthesis. For people with very fair skin, just a short burst of sunshine on their skin would also be enough.

As we know the liver and kidney help convert vitamin D to its active hormone form. If anyone has impaired liver or kidney functions then they would require more vitamin D synthesis either from direct sunlight or good quality supplements.

It is imperative to have a simple blood test that a General Practitioner can request, to check your current levels of vitamin D before considering any supplementation. This is because over supplementing with vitamin D could have serious consequences, such as bone resorption (breaking down of the calcium) and soft tissue calcification (hardening). It is very important to know this before considering taking any cod liver oil or other vitamin D supplements. It is very wise to have your vitamin D levels checked 3-4 months after initial supplementation to see if a deficiency is still present.

Deficiency or insufficiency of natural sunlight and vitamin D has been associated with the following conditions:

* adrenal insufficiency

* Alzheimer’s

* allergies

* autoimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis

* cancers of the colon, breast, skin and prostate

* depression, seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

* diabetes, Type 1 and 2

* gluten intolerance, lectin intolerance

* heart disease, hypertension, Syndrome X

* infertility, sexual dysfunction

* learning and behavior disorders

* misaligned teeth and cavities

* obesity

* osteopenia, osteoporosis, osteomalacia (adult rickets)

* Parkinson’s

* PMS

* psoriasis

source: Krispin Sullivan (http://www.sunlightandvitamind.com)

Here is an overview of some obvious health related issues from Vitamin D deficiency

* Vitamin D and Bone Health: Having adequate levels of vitamin D in your body helps keep your bones strong and helps prevent osteoporosis. Vitamin D deficiency (which often masquerades as calcium deficiency) has been associated with greater incidence of hip fractures. A greater vitamin D intake from diet and supplements has been associated with less bone loss in older women. Since bone loss increases the risk of fractures, vitamin D supplementation may help prevent fractures resulting from osteoporosis.

* Diabetes: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. In fact it was shown in a 2001 study (2) that vitamin D deficiency is likely to be a major factor contributing to the onset of type 1 diabetes in children, as human milk often lacks vitamin D.

* Infertility and PMS: Infertility is associated with low vitamin D, and PMS has been completely reversed by the addition of calcium, magnesium, boron and vitamin D.

* Fatigue and Depression: Activated vitamin D as calcitriol, in the adrenal gland regulates tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme necessary for the production of dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline. The adrenal glands pump these hormones to help us cope with daily stress. Hence, when adrenals have been pumping these powerful hormones for some time our bodies begin to experience constant exhaustion which leads to chronic fatigue. Not having adequate levels of vitamin D may contribute to chronic fatigue and depression.

* Syndrome X: Vitamin D deficiency has been clearly linked with Syndrome X – fat gain around the middle section (3). Syndrome X results from insulin resistance (the inability to properly deal with dietary carbohydrates and sugars), abnormal blood fats (such as elevated cholesterol and triglycerides), overweight, and high blood pressure. Syndrome X condition requires a complete lifestyle and dietary change, focusing on reducing stress levels, which activate these adrenal hormones and promote weight gain, for improvement and long term management.

Vitamin D and Steroids

Steroids, like prednisone, are often prescribed to reduce inflammation related to a variety of medical problems. These medicines may be essential for a person’s medical treatment, but they have potential side effects, including decreased calcium absorption.

There is some evidence that steroids may also impair vitamin D metabolism, further contributing to the loss of bone and development of osteoporosis associated with steroid medications. For these reasons, individuals on chronic steroid therapy should consult with their physician or nutritionist about the need to increase vitamin D intake through carefully monitored dietary supplements.

The World Health Organization states that 70% of all cancers are easily preventable through dietary and lifestyle changes. The latest Nebraska research shows us that sunlight and calcium supplements can reduce cancer risks by 77% in women. The question is why won’t conventional medicine embrace this low-cost, safe and highly effective method for preventing cancer?

Another question we might ask is why do we not hear as much about the importance of vitamin D as we hear about calcium? The reasons for this, as most would already know, there are no profits in promoting natural sunlight, not for the cancer council or for the pharmaceuticals industry.

In conclusion of the safest way of ensuring adequate vitamin D, getting at least some early morning direct sunlight is very beneficial for all of us. The best sun exposure during summer would be 10 minutes approximately of early morning sun before 9 am or late afternoon after 5 pm.

If planning to stay out longer then applying some natural, chemical-free SPF 15 + sunscreen (you can find these in some health food stores as they are becoming more popular) would be safe for your skin. During winter, 20 minutes of direct sun even during the day on hands, neck, feet, and legs would be ideal. If direct sunlight is not possible in the winter then carefully supplementing with cod liver oil, only if the blood tests reveal a vitamin D deficiency would be beneficial. It is important to understand that the darker your skin, the more sunlight is needed to activate vitamin D synthesis.
For the albino population (people with very sun sensitive skin as they lack pigment), the good news is that less direct sun is required, even a short burst of early morning sun would be enough to stimulate vitamin D activation in their system.

In addition, having a diet high in antioxidants - the good guys that prevent premature ageing (antioxidants from super-foods like Wolfberries, blueberries and pomegranates) - is known to help protect the skin from rapid sunburn and premature ageing. In fact, some natural chemical-free sun tan lotions contain fair amounts of antioxidants such as vitamin A and E. The amount of antioxidants that we would require daily would be quite high and probably unachievable for most people. The ideal amount would be more than just a punnet of blueberries; more like 3 or 4 punnets of organic blueberries daily. Yet, if we take super-foods such as Ningxia wolfberries then we might get closer to the ideal antioxidant intake. So, enjoy some fun in the sun and ensure that you have adequate amounts of Vitamin D in your system all year round for optimum health, vitality and longevity.

References:

1. Lappe JM, Travers-Gustafson D, Davies KM, Recker RR, Heaney RP. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jun;85(6):1586-91.

2. Ortlepp JR, Lauscher J, Hoffmann R, Diabet Med. 2001 ct;18(10):842-5

3. Henendez C, Lage M, Peino R, J Endocrinol. 2001 Aug;170(2):425-31

McMichael AJ, Hall AJ. Multiple sclerosis and ultraviolet radiation: time to shed more light.Neuroepidemiology. 2001 Aug;20(3):165-7.

Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Sep;72(3):690-3)

(http://sunlightandvitamind.com/Main.htm)

About the author

Teya Skae M.A., B.A.,Dip Health Sciences, Dip Clinical Nutrition
Kinesiologist/Nutritionist/Writer
Health/Life Coach and Educator
Teya is the founder of Empowered Living
www.empowered-living.com.au
specialising in Neurologically Balancing busy people for chronic fatigue, corporate burnout, physical/emotional stress, Emotional Freedom Technique to resolve energy blocks, Metabolic Typing Nutrition and Results Fat Loss. Teya writes article for various publications and runs empowering educational courses in the area of balancing your health, physical body,emotions, and how to have more energy to enjoy your Life!

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Vitamin B12 In The Body

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