Vitamin Information Center

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States today, and acute myocardial infarctions - heart attacks - make up a considerable number of those deaths. Over 850,000 Americans had a heart attack in 2007 alone. For years, scientists and physicians have sought ways to prevent heart attacks or to blunt their effects when they are happening.

A new international study suggests that folic acid, or vitamin B9, can do just that.

Heart attacks result from a lack of oxygen supply to the heart muscle itself, which has serious consequences because the heart is a highly active muscle that needs a lot of oxygen to work. The early period of low oxygen is called ischemia, but after a time the damage can become permanent, a condition known as an infarct.

An infarct can cause severe tissue scarring, changes in the structure and size of the heart muscle, arrhythmias or abnormal heart rhythms, long-term heart failure, blood clots and increased risk of future heart attacks. The best way to prevent these consequences is to reduce the severity of the initial heart attack.

A group of cardiologists and scientists led by David Kass from Hopkins looked at folic acid, which has long been thought to be able to help heart function. Folic acid is known to have antioxidant properties, which decrease tissue damage by soaking up toxic particles known as free radicals.

The scientists gave folic acid to rats before experimentally inducing heart attacks, to see if the vitamin could decrease the effects of ischemia. In comparison with non-treated controls, rats on folic acid had less heart damage and better recovery from heart attacks. They showed significantly less tissue damage when looked at under a microscope.

A fairly short treatment dose at a high concentration - lasting just one week before the induction of a heart attack - was sufficient to create a protective effect. Overall, the treated rats had infarcts about 90 percent smaller in size than in the untreated controls.

Drawing from these preliminary experiments on mice, researchers concluded that pre-treatment with folic acid can help lessen the severity of tissue damage caused by myocardial infarction, or heart attack.

There are several potential mechanisms for the results observed by the researchers. It is known that the heart continues to pump during a heart attack, often at an even greater rate to compensate for the oxygen decrease caused by an injured heart. This continued high-rate beating is energetically costly for a damaged heart.

Folic acid is known to work in the mitochondrion, the part of the cell that produces chemical energy. This study and others suggest that folic acid could act as a reserve of the cellular energy currency, phosphate, even when the heart muscle is damaged.

The extra phosphate levels provided by folic acid might be enough to tide over the heart until normal oxygen levels are restored, thus reducing the long-term effects of a heart attack.

Current therapy for treating patients after a heart attack involves using a range of medications, including drugs like Lipitor that decrease the buildup of cholesterol in the coronary arteries, as well as drugs like aspirin that thin the blood and reduce inflammation.

Surgery on the heart muscle or on the coronary arteries, either with angioplasty or an arterial bypass, may also be performed.

The next step is a study of the effects of folic acid on human heart attack patients. A major complication is the dose: The mice received a dose that would be very difficult for people to take orally on a regular basis.

Folic acid is found in a variety of vegetables and is a common ingredient in multivitamins. Previous studies have indicated beneficial effects of folic acid on the brain and other organs.

It has also long been known that taking folic acid during pregancy reduces the risk of spina bifida, a birth defect that causes mental retardation and paralysis.

If the results of this study, which appears in this week’s issue of the journal Circulation, are replicated in humans, they could provide an easy way to help reduce the severity of heart attacks in hundreds of thousands of patients.

Newswise — Long known for its role in preventing anemia in expectant mothers and spinal birth defects in newborns, the B vitamin folate, found in leafy green vegetables, beans and nuts has now been shown to blunt the damaging effects of heart attack when given in short-term, high doses to test animals.

In a new study, an international team of heart experts at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere report that rats fed 10 milligrams daily of folate, also known as folic acid or vitamin B9, for a week prior to heart attack had smaller infarcts than rats who took no supplements. On average, researchers say, the amount of muscle tissue exposed to damage and scarred by the arterial blockage was shrunk to less than a tenth.

The team’s findings, set for publication in the April 8 edition of the journal Circulation, come just weeks after other international studies in humans suggested that low-dose folic acid supplements may prevent dementia in the elderly and premature births.

“We want to emphasize that it is premature for people to begin taking high doses of folic acid,” says senior study investigator David Kass, M.D., a professor at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and its Heart Institute.

“But if human studies prove equally effective, then high-dose folate could be given to high-risk groups to guard against possible heart attack or to people while they are having one,” says Kass.

The more likely and most practical advantage to ingesting supplements, he says, lies in folic acid’s potential to act as a short-term buffer for people who may be having a heart attack and who rush to their local emergency room complaining of chest pain.

Clinical trials are expected in the near future, although Kass says a major challenge in testing is that a high dose of folic acid for humans comparable to that given the rats would require an average-size adult to swallow more than 200 one-milligram pills per day, “an impractical and unrealistic regimen, even if the body excretes the excess.”

In addition, he cautions, “we do not yet know if folate is safe to consume in this high a dose, or how much or how little of it is needed to be effective,” citing 25 milligrams per day as the highest dose previously tested safe to consume in adults as.

Kass says that such large amount of folate may also yield unpredictable side effects. Some studies have linked the nutrient supplement to increased rates of colon and prostate cancer.

Each year, an estimated 565,000 first-time heart attacks occur in the United States, with an additional 300,000 recurrent heart attacks.

Results from the new study, conducted in rats - dozens were fed supplements and dozens more did not receive any - showed that overall pumping function during heart attack remained strong in vitamin B9-fortified animals.

The amount of blood pumped by the treated hearts during a 30-minute window when blood flow to the heart was restricted to simulate a heart attack stayed near normal for rodents, at an average ejection fraction of 73 percent. Meanwhile, it fell in the untreated group to 27 percent.

Similarly, the muscle wall at the front of the heart kept contracting during heartbeats, thickening by 37 percent in the supplement-fed group, but the muscle could barely compress, thickening by 5 percent, in the untreated group. (Sixty percent would be the normal amount of thickening in a healthy rat heart.)

Moreover, researchers found that an injection of folic acid into the bloodstream of rats that had never before taken supplements, within the first 10 minutes of a heart attack, was almost equally as effective as preventive therapy in reversing muscle damage, and in lowering infarct size by a factor of 10.

“Folic acid is already well known to be safe to consume in high doses in the short term, and it is very inexpensive, costing pennies per milligram, so its prospects look promising,” says Kass.

Researchers plan further tests to determine precisely why folate protects the heart, and to determine how effective it is in not-as-high doses. But they point out that it has long been known for its role in the normal workings of the cell’s principal energy source, the mitochondria, whose function is essential to maintaining healthy blood vessels.

It was this evidence that led to the latest study, which, says lead investigator An Moens, M.D., suggests that folate acts as an energy reserve in the heart, “providing much needed energy for muscle contraction, in the form of ATP, at the same time the heart is being starved for oxygen-carrying blood by a blocked artery.”

According to Moens, a postdoctoral cardiology research fellow at Johns Hopkins, study results showed that high-energy phosphate levels went down 43 percent in the blood of treated rats, but levels dropped by one-third more (by 66 percent) in untreated rats.

“With more fuel, the heart kept pumping even though its blood flow was reduced,” says Moens, now a cardiologist at the University of Antwerp in Belgium. “The smaller heart attacks seemed related to this better energy balance in the heart produced by the folate.”

In the study, heart function was monitored by more than two dozen key tests, such as echocardiogram and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as by blood analysis before, during and after the heart attack, when blood flow was allowed to resume in the coronary artery that had been blocked.

Among the team’s other findings that backed up the protective effects of folate on the heart were mild, slight dips in systolic blood pressure during heart attack in treated rats, while pressure fell in untreated animals by 25 percent. Similarly, blood flow was stable in the treated group, but dropped by 40 percent in untreated animals. Post-heart attack buildup of dangerous chemicals, known as reactive oxygen species, was halved in treated rats. And fatal arrhythmias, unstable heartbeats that can immediately follow a heart attack, also went down from 36.7 percent to 8.3 percent in the supplement-fed group.

“In future, we might just pop in an I.V., and give people high-dose folate while they are waiting for their catheterization or CT scans to search for blockages,” says Moens.

Funding for the study of folate, one of eight B vitamins, was provided by the National Institutes of Health and the Peter Belfer Laboratory Foundation, with additional support from the American Heart Association, the Belgian American Educational Foundations, as well as the University of Antwerp, Belgium.

In addition to Kass and Moens, other Hopkins researchers involved in this study were Hunter Champion, M.D., Ph.D.; Azeb Haile, M.S.; Muz Zviman, Ph.D.; Djahida Bedja, M.S.; Kathy Gabrielson, D.V.M., Ph.D.; Nazareno Paolocci, M.D., Ph.D. Kass is also the Abraham and Virginia Weiss Professor of Cardiology at Hopkins. Additional researchers from Belgium included Marc Claeys, M.D., Ph.D.; Dirk Borgonjon, M.S.; Luc Van Nassauw, Ph.D.; Floris Wuyts, Ph.D.; Rebecca Elsaesser, Ph.D.; Paul Cos, Ph.D.; Jean-Pierre Timmermans, Ph.D.; and Christiaan Vrints, M.D., Ph.D., from the University of Antwerp; and Barbara Tavazzi, M.D., Ph.D., and Guiseppe Lazzarino, M.D., Ph.D., from the University of Rome. Further assistance with biochemical analysis was provided by Pawel Kaminski, M.D., Ph.D., and Michael Wollin, M.D., Ph.D., both from the New York University School of Medicine.

BALTIMORE, March 27 (UPI) — Folate — vitamin B 9 – potentially may be used to limit the damage of a heart attack, U.S. researchers say.The study, scheduled to be published in the April 8 edition of the journal Circulation, finds the vitamin blunted the damage from heart attack in animal studies.

“We want to emphasize that it is premature for people to begin taking high doses of folic acid,” senior study investigator Dr. David Kass, of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore says in a statement. “But if human studies prove equally effective, then high-dose folate could be given to high-risk groups to guard against possible heart attack or to people while they are having one.”

“We do not know how much or how little of it is needed to be effective,” Kass cautions. A large amount could yield unpredictable side effects and studies have linked folic acid supplements to increased rates of colon and prostate cancer, Kass says.

Folate — naturally found in leafy green vegetables, beans and nuts — is sometimes used as a general term to include folic acid — the form of vitamin B9 put in supplements and added to foods, especially grain products.